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Recommended Licenses and Tools for Cultural Heritage Content
The CC licenses and public domain tools are a simple and effective way for CHIs, such as museums, libraries and archives, to make heritage materials (and associated metadata) open. Navigating the right license or tool can be tricky, but if you remember only one thing, it’s that faithful digital reproductions of public domain materials must stay in the public domain — no new copyright or related right applies to the digitized version.
Many people can benefit from open access to cultural heritage in a variety of ways and for a variety of purposes — from creators seeking inspiration to researchers discovering new interpretations, all the way to cultural heritage institutions (CHIs) connecting with more audiences, and the general public making sense of the world we live in. In our report What are the Benefits of Open Culture? A new CC Publication, we show how, by removing any distance between people and heritage, openness gives rise to a multitude of connections with, about, or through cultural heritage.
The CC licenses and public domain tools are a simple and effective way for CHIs, such as museums, libraries and archives, to make heritage materials (and associated metadata) open so that they can be shared widely for the broadest possible access, use and reuse (including commercial use and modification), free of charge, and with no or few copyright restrictions.
Navigating the right license or tool can be tricky, as CHIs may share a wide range of different types of materials. But if you remember only one thing, it’s that faithful digital reproductions of public domain materials must stay in the public domain — no new copyright or related right applies to the digitized version. Public domain materials are materials that are no longer or never were protected by copyright.
This is a position that Creative Commons (CC) has been championing for years as part of our Open Culture Program. In other words, no new copyright (or related right) should arise over the creation of a digitized “twin.” Europeana and the Communia Association, among many other open culture organizations, share this position. It is also aligns with Article 14 of the 2019 EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, which states that: “when the term of protection of a work of visual art has expired, any material resulting from an act of reproduction of that work is not subject to copyright […]”.
It’s also important to remember that digital reproductions of public domain works cannot be CC-licensed, since CC licenses can only be used with in-copyright content. Instead, we recommend using a CC public domain tool, putting the digital reproductions squarely and unequivocally into the public domain. This not only conveys clear information about the public domain status of the materials, it also contributes to the thriving, blooming commons of knowledge and culture that we need to address the world’s most pressing problems.
Some CHIs might want to get credit for sharing heritage from their collections. It is not good practice to use a license in this case. Instead, there are different ways to encourage users to refer back to CHIs, as we explain in Nudging Users To Reference Institutions When Using Public Domain Materials. The guidelines offer a fresh and innovative approach to prompting users to reference the institution when using public domain materials and present various design ideas to instigate behavioral change. They address key questions, including:
How can institutions nudge users to reference them?
What information should be included in a reference statement?
What would a nudge look like in practice?
How to organize the data needed to implement these ideas?
Regarding metadata, we strongly encourage that it be dedicated to the public domain using the legal tool Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). Data is largely made of highly factual content that is considered uncopyrightable, but uncertainties might remain. The CC0 waiver places all data squarely and unequivocally in the public domain worldwide and clarifies that data reuse is not restricted by copyright, related rights or database rights — those rights are all surrendered. CC0 can support maximizing the reuse of data, with benefits including:
enabling others to validate, replicate and put the data to new uses
facilitating enhanced collaboration and enrichment
increasing transparency
speeding the discovery and understanding of solutions to planetary and societal needs.
For materials created by the CHIs and protected by copyright, we recommend CC BY-SA 4.0, CC BY 4.0 or CC0 1.0 to enable maximum dissemination and reuse.
For different types of content, we recommend different CC tools or licenses to achieve optimal engagement and reuse, as summarized in this table:
Type of content
Recommended licenses or tools
Digital reproductions of public domain works (works that are no longer or never were protected by copyright)
Using CC licenses and public domain tools to share cultural heritage materials unlocks vast potential for open culture to blossom in the cultural heritage sector. By offering enhanced legal certainty, CHIs have the ability to engage more deeply in the open culture movement and make their vast collections openly accessible to everyone.
Thanks to everyone who attended our CC signals project kickoff last week. We’re receiving plenty of feedback, and we appreciate the insights. We are listening to all of it and hope that you continue to engage with us as we seek to make this framework fit for purpose.
Some of the input focuses on the specifics of the CC signals proposal, offering constructive questions and suggesting ideas for improving CC signals in practice. The most salient type of feedback, however, is touching on something far deeper than the CC signals themselves – the fact that so much about AI seems to be happening to us all, rather than with or for us all, and that the expectations of creators and communities are at risk of being overshadowed by powerful interests.
This sentiment is not a surprise to us. We feel it, too. In fact, it is why we are doing this project. CC’s goal has always been to grow and sustain the thriving commons of knowledge and culture. We want people to be able to share with and learn from each other, without being or feeling exploited. CC signals is an extension of that mission in this evolving AI landscape.
We believe that the current practices of AI companies pose a threat to the future of the commons. Many creators and knowledge communities are feeling betrayed by how AI is being developed and deployed. The result is that people are understandably turning to enclosure. Eventually, we fear that people will no longer want to share publicly at all.
CC signals are a first step to reduce this damage by giving more agency to those who create and hold content. Unlike the CC licenses, they are explicitly designed to signal expectations even where copyright law is silent or unclear, when it does not apply, and where it varies by jurisdiction. We have listened to creators who want to share their work but also have concerns about exploitation. CC signals provide a way for creators to express those nuances. The CC signals build on top of developing standards for expressing AI usage preferences (e.g., via robots.txt). Creators who want to fully opt out of machine reuse do not need to use a CC signal. CC signals are for those who want to keep sharing, but with some terms attached.
The challenge we’re all facing in this age of AI is how to protect the integrity and vitality of the commons. The listening we’ve been doing so far, across creator communities and open knowledge networks, has led us here, to CC signals. Our shared commitment is to protect the commons so that it remains a space for human creativity, collaboration, and innovation, and to make clear our expectation that those who draw from it give something in return.
Our goal is to advocate for reciprocity while upholding our values that knowledge and creativity should not be treated as commodities.
Our goal is to find a path between a free-for-all and an internet of paywalls.
Copyright will not get us there. Nor should it. And we don’t think the boundaries of copyright tell us everything we need to know about navigating this moment. Just this week, Open Future released a report that calls for going beyond copyright in this debate, on the path to a healthy knowledge commons.
This is the beginning of the conversation, not the end. We are listening. From what we have heard, CC signals, or something like it, is the best practical mechanism to avoid the dual traps of total exploitation or total enclosure, both of which damage the commons. We have shared our current progress because we want to learn how to design it to meet your needs. We invite you to continue sharing feedback so we can shape CC signals together in a way that works for diverse communities. In the months ahead, we’ll be providing more detail about how CC signals are developing, including key themes we are hearing, along with the questions we are exploring and our next steps.
Introducing CC Signals: A New Social Contract for the Age of AI
Creative Commons (CC) today announces the public kickoff of the CC signals project, a new preference signals framework designed to increase reciprocity and sustain a creative commons in the age of AI. The development of CC signals represents a major step forward in building a more equitable, sustainable AI ecosystem rooted in shared benefits. This step is the culmination of years of consultation and analysis. As we enter this new phase of work, we are actively seeking input from the public.
As artificial intelligence (AI) transforms how knowledge is created, shared, and reused, we are at a fork in the road that will define the future of access to knowledge and shared creativity. One path leads to data extraction and the erosion of openness; the other leads to a walled-off internet guarded by paywalls. CC signals offer another way, grounded in the nuanced values of the commons expressed by the collective.
Based on the same principles that gave rise to the CC licenses and tens of billions of works openly licensed online, CC signals will allow dataset holders to signal their preferences for how their content can be reused by machines based on a set of limited but meaningful options shaped in the public interest. They are both a technical and legal tool and a social proposition: a call for a new pact between those who share data and those who use it to train AI models.
“CC signals are designed to sustain the commons in the age of AI,” said Anna Tumadóttir, CEO, Creative Commons. “Just as the CC licenses helped build the open web, we believe CC signals will help shape an open AI ecosystem grounded in reciprocity.”
CC signals recognize that change requires systems-level coordination. They are tools that will be built for machine and human readability, and are flexible across legal, technical, and normative contexts. However, at their core CC signals are anchored in mobilizing the power of the collective. While CC signals may range in enforceability, legally binding in some cases and normative in others, their application will always carry ethical weight that says we give, we take, we give again, and we are all in this together.
“If we are committed to a future where knowledge remains open, we need to collectively insist on a new kind of give-and-take,” said Sarah Hinchliff Pearson, General Counsel, Creative Commons. “A single preference, uniquely expressed, is inconsequential in the machine age. But together, we can demand a different way.”
Now Ready for Feedback
More information about CC signals and early design decisions are available on the CC website. We are committed to developing CC signals transparently and alongside our partners and community. We are actively seeking public feedback and input over the next few months as we work toward an alpha launch in November 2025.
Get Involved
Join the discussion & share your feedback
To give feedback on the current CC signals proposal, hop over to the CC signals GitHub repository. You can engage in a few ways:
We invite our community to join us for a brief explanation of the CC signals framework, and then we will open the floor to you to share feedback and ask questions.
CC is a nonprofit. Help us build CC signals with a donation.
The age of AI demands new tools, new norms, and new forms of cooperation. With CC signals, we’re building a future where shared knowledge continues to thrive. Join us.
Understanding CC Licenses and AI Training: A Legal Primer
Whether you are a creator, researcher, or anyone licensing your work with a CC license, you might be wondering how it can be used to train AI. Many AI developers, who wish to comply with the CC license terms, are also seeking guidance.
The application of copyright law to AI training is complex. The CC licenses are copyright licenses, so it follows that applying CC licenses to AI training is just as complex.
The short answer is: AI training is often permitted by copyright. This means that the CC license conditions have limited application to machine reuse. This also means that using a more restrictive CC license in an effort to prevent AI training is not an effective approach. In fact, restrictive licensing may actually end up preventing the kind of sharing you want (like allowing for translation, for example), while not being effective to block AI training.
For the long answer, read our new guide that provides a legal analysis and overview of the considerations when using CC-licensed works for AI training.
If the CC licenses have limited application to machine reuse, what agency do creators have in the AI ecosystem?
This is an important question. As you’ve heard us talk about before, we’re actively developing a CC preference signals framework to help bridge this gap. The framework is designed to offer new choices for stewards of large collections of content to signal their preferences when sharing their works, using scaffolding inspired by the architecture of the CC licenses. This is not mediated through copyright or the CC licenses. It is governed by something that tends to be even more widely adopted: a social contract. Stand by for the release of the paper prototype of CC preference signals framework at the end of June 2025.
The Next Chapter: Strengthening the Creative Commons Community Together
We are excited to share more about our plan for the community this year, including a community consultation that starts with a survey. Tell us more about how you see CC’s community.
A thriving and connected community is key to building a stronger open movement. That’s why, as part of our 2025–2028 strategic plan, we’re placing community at the center of everything we do. Our vision is clear: a world where communities actively leverage CC’s open infrastructure to share knowledge in the public interest.
This year, we’re focusing on re-engaging with the CC community and building new relationships, especially as emerging technologies like AI reshape how people create and share. We want to ensure CC’s tools, training, and resources evolve to meet real community needs, and we’re committed to being transparent and realistic about what we can offer in support. This is happening during a period of economic uncertainty for organizations in the open movement, so we are focusing on delivering sustainable pathways for community engagement at CC.
From CC Global Summit to New Ways of Connecting
One big change you may have noticed is that we haven’t announced the next CC Global Summit. Unfortunately, CC’s budgets over the last two years have not allowed for such a significant expense, and most of the past Global Summits ran at a deficit. Without sufficient funding to support participant attendance, the Global Summits cannot be as inclusive as we aspire for them to be.
But this doesn’t mean we can’t spend time together – quite the opposite! We believe that supporting more regional gatherings for in-person engagement and virtual gatherings for increased inclusion will help to meet these challenges. Interested in exploring collaborating on an event in your region or in your community? Let’s chat.
In thinking about the future of our community, the shared sentiment is that the CC community is much more expansive than the formal structures of the CCGN; the CC community is anyone who uses, advocates for, or supports the infrastructure that enables open licensing or who supports and believes in the power of the commons.
To enable this broader community, we are evaluating the existing (though currently inactive) membership process of the CC Global Network and how we support country chapters. Our goal is to strengthen our community engagement spaces and create clearer, more accessible pathways for people to get involved with CC.
Let’s Get to Work!
We are excited to reconnect and hear about your experiences and vision for the future of the CC community. Your input will help shape future decisions around governance, community infrastructure, communication tools, and engagement spaces. Please fill out the CC Community Survey by May 30:
Our commitment is to make CC a space where collaboration thrives, knowledge flows freely, and communities feel empowered to shape the future of the commons. Stay tuned for opportunities to share your input, connect with others, and co-create what comes next.
CC @ SXSW: Protecting the Commons in the Age of AI
SXSW by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0
If you’ve been following along on the blog this year, you’ll know that we’ve been thinking a lot about the future of open, particularly in this age of AI. With our 2025-2028 strategy to guide us, we’ve been louder about a renewed call for reciprocity to defend and protect the commons as well as the importance of openness in AI and open licensing to avoid an enclosure of the commons.
Last month, we took some of these conversations on the road and hosted the Open House for an Open Future during SXSW in Austin, TX, as part of a weekend-long Wiki Haus event with our friends at the Wikimedia Foundation.
During the event, we spoke with Audrey Tang and Cory Doctorow about the future of open, especially as we look towards CC’s 25th anniversary in 2026. In this wide-ranging conversation, a number of themes were reflected that capture both where we’ve been over the last 25 years and where we should be focusing for the next 25 years, including:
The Fight for Technological Self-Determination: Contractual restrictions are increasingly being used to lock down essential technologies, from printer ink to hospital ventilators. The push for openness and economic fairness must go beyond just content-sharing and extend to fighting for the rights of people to repair, modify, and use technology freely.
Shifting from Resistance to Building Alternatives: The open movement is not just about opposing corporate restrictions but also about creating viable, open alternatives. Initiatives like Gov Zero show that fostering decentralized, user-controlled platforms can help counteract monopolistic digital ecosystems.
The Power of Exit as a Lever for Change: Simply having the option to leave restrictive platforms can influence corporate behavior. Efforts like Free Our Feeds and Bluesky aim to create credible exit strategies that prevent users from being locked into exploitative digital environments.
Beyond Copyright: New Frameworks for Openness and Innovation: While Creative Commons began as a response to copyright limitations, the next phase should focus on broader issues like supporting an infrastructure for open sharing, ethical AI development, and open governance models that empower communities rather than just limiting corporate control.
Reclaiming the Ethos of Open Source and Free Software: The movement must reconnect with its ethical roots, focusing on freedom to create, share, and innovate—not just openness for the sake of efficiency. This includes resisting corporate capture of “openness” and ensuring technological advances serve public interest rather than private profit.
Since the proliferation of mainstream AI, we’ve been analyzing the limitations of copyright (and, by extension, the CC licenses since they are built atop copyright law) as the right lens to think about guardrails for AI training. This means we need new tools and approaches in this age of AI that complement open licensing, while also advancing the AI ecosystem toward the public interest. Preference signals are based on the idea that creators and dataset holders should be active participants in deciding how and/or if their content is used for AI training. Our friends at Bluesky, for example, have recently put forth a proposal on User Intents for Data Reuse, which is well worth a read to conceptualize how a preference signals approach could be considered on a social media platform. We’ve also been actively participating in the IETF’s AI Preferences Working Group, since submitting a position paper on the subject mid-2024 .
SXSW by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0
As CC gets closer to launching a protocol based on prosocial preference signals—a simple pact between those stewarding the data and those reusing it for generative AI training—we had the opportunity during SXSW to chat with some great thought leaders about this very topic. Our panelists were Aubra Anthony, Senior Fellow, Technology and International Affairs Program at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Zachary J. McDowell, Phd, Assistant Professor, Department of Communication, University of Illinois at Chicago; Lane Becker, President, Wikimedia LLC at Wikimedia Foundation, and our very own Anna Tumadóttir, CEO, Creative Commons to explore sharing in the age of AI. A few key takeaways from this conversation included:
Balancing Norms and Legal Frameworks: There is a growing interest in developing normative approaches and civil structures that go beyond traditional legal frameworks to ensure equitable use and transparency.
Navigating AI Traffic and Commercial Use: Wikimedia is adapting to the influx of AI-driven bot traffic and exploring how to differentiate between commercial and non-commercial use. The idea of treating commercial traffic differently and finding ways to fundraise off bot traffic is becoming more prominent, raising important questions about sustainability in an open knowledge ecosystem. From CC’s perspective, we’ve found that as our open infrastructures mature they become increasingly taken for granted, a notion that is not conducive to a sustainable open ecosystem.
Openness in the Age of AI: There is growing reticence around openness, with creators becoming more cautious about sharing content due to the rise of generative AI (note, this is exactly what our preference signals framework is meant to address, so stay tuned!). We should emphasize the need for open initiatives to adapt to the broader social and economic context, balancing openness with creators’ concerns about protection and sustainability.
Making Participation Easy and Understandable: To encourage widespread participation in open knowledge systems and for preference signal adoption, tools will need to be simple and intuitive. Whether through collective benefit models or platform cooperativism, ease of use and clarity are essential to engaging the broader public in contributing to open initiatives.
Did you know that many social justice and public good organizations are unable to participate in influential and culture-making events like SXSW due to a lack of funding? CC is a nonprofit organization and all of our activities must be cost-recovery. We’d like to sincerely thank our event sponsor, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation for making this event and these conversations possible. If you would like to contribute to our work, consider joining the Open Infrastructure Circle which will help to fund a framework that makes reciprocity actionable when shared knowledge is used to train generative AI.
A lot has changed in the past few years, and it is high time for Creative Commons (CC) to be louder about our values. Underpinning our recently released strategic plan is a renewed call for reciprocity. Neutrality serves only the status quo and there is nothing neutral about fighting for a more equitable world through open practices and sharing knowledge.
Since the inception of CC, there have been two sides to the licenses. There’s the legal side, which describes in explicit and legally sound terms, what rights are granted for a particular item. But, equally there’s the social side, which is communicated when someone applies the CC icons. The icon acts as identification, a badge, a symbol that we are in this together, and that’s why we are sharing. Whether it’s scientific research, educational materials, or poetry, when it’s marked with a CC license it’s also accompanied by a social agreement which is anchored in reciprocity. This is for all of us.
But, with the mainstream emergence of generative AI, that social agreement has come into question and come under threat, with knock-on consequences for the greater commons. Current approaches to building commercial foundation models lack reciprocity. No one shares photos of ptarmigans to get rich, no one contributes to articles about Huldufólk seeking fame. It is about sharing knowledge. But when that shared knowledge is opaquely ingested, credit is not given, and the crawlers ramp up server activity (and fees) to the degree where the human experience is degraded, folks are demotivated to continue contributing.
The open movement has always fought for shared knowledge to be accessible for everyone and anyone to use, to learn from. We don’t want to slow down scientific discovery. If we can more rapidly learn, discover, and innovate, with the use of new technologies, that’s wonderful. As long as we’re actually in this together.
What we ultimately want, and what we believe we need, is a commons that is strong, resilient, growing, useful (to machines and to humans)—all the good things, frankly. But as our open infrastructures mature they become increasingly taken for granted, and the feeling that “this is for all of us” is replaced with “everyone is entitled to this”. While this sounds the same, it really isn’t. Because with entitlement comes misuse, the social contract breaks, reciprocation evaporates, and ultimately the magic weakens.
Reciprocity in the age of AI means fostering a mutually beneficial relationship between creators/data stewards and AI model builders. For AI model builders who disproportionately benefit from the commons, reciprocity is a way of giving back to the commons that is community and context specific.
(And in case it wasn’t already clear, this piece isn’t about policy or laws, but about centering people).
This is where our values need to enter the equation: we cannot sit neutrally by and allow “this is for everyone” to mean that grossly disproportionate benefits of the commons accrue to the few. That our shared knowledge pools get siphoned off and kept from us.
We believe reciprocity must be embedded in the AI ecosystem in order to uphold the social contract behind sharing. If you benefit from the commons, and (critically) if you are in a position to give back to the commons, you should. Because the commons are for everyone, which means we all need to uphold the value of the commons by contributing in whatever way is appropriate.
There never has been, nor should there be, a mandatory 1:1 exchange between each individual and the commons. What’s appropriate then, as a way to give back? So many possibilities come to mind, including:
Increasing agency as a means to achieve reciprocity by allowing data holders to signal their preferences for AI training
Credit, in the form of attribution, when possible
Open infrastructure support
Cooperative dataset development
Putting model weights or other components into the commons
When we talk about defending the commons, it involves sustaining them, growing them, and making sure that the social contract remains intact for future generations of humans. And for that to happen, it’s time for some reciprocity.
Part of CC being louder about our values is also taking action in the form of a social protocol that is built on preference signals, a simple pact between those stewarding data and those reusing it for generative AI. Like CC licenses, they are aimed at well-meaning actors and designed to establish new social norms around sharing and access based on reciprocity. We’re actively working alongside values-aligned partners to pilot a framework that makes reciprocity actionable when shared knowledge is used to train generative AI. Consider joining the Open Infrastructure Circle to help us move this work forward.
In case you missed it, we recently published our 2025-2028 Strategy which sets the stage for our goals and activities over the next few years. This updated strategy reaffirms our three goals at CC:
Strengthen the open infrastructure of sharing
Defend and advocate for a thriving creative commons
Center community
As CC’s Community and Licensing Program Manager, I’m particularly excited to share more details about Goal 3: Center community. For those of you who attended our strategy consultations in August 2024, you’ll know that reaffirming CC’s commitment to community was a top priority for community members, and we completely agree! In our strategy, community is listed as a goal in and of itself, but it is also recognized that all three of our goals are interconnected and each goal is required to fulfill the other goals. With that in mind, community is also central to strengthening the open infrastructure of sharing and defending and advocating for a thriving creative commons.
We are excited to find new ways to support a CC community of anyone who uses, advocates for, or supports the infrastructure that enables open licensing or who supports and believes in the power of the commons.
When we think about centering community now and in the future, it may first be useful for a quick history of the Creative Commons Global Network (CCGN) and past community efforts. If you are well aware of the history of the CCGN, feel free to skip ahead to the next section!
A Quick History of the CCGN
The Creative Commons Affiliate Network was founded in 2001 alongside the founding of Creative Commons in order to support the global adoption of CC Licenses, and to port (or legally and linguistically adapt) the licenses to different legal jurisdictions. In November 2013, the 4.0 licenses, which no longer required porting, were launched. This presented an opportunity to shift the role of the Network to regional policy work, general awareness raising, and other local priorities. As a result, there was a need to rethink the Network structure to support this shift. A steering committee was launched in 2015 to create a new network strategy starting in 2015. The outcome of this work was the publication of Faces of the Commons, which included the ultimate recommendation for a revised Creative Commons Global Network (CCGN) to be created by the global network itself. With the goal of meeting this challenge, in 2017, the Global Network Strategy was published. Alongside the 2017 strategy, Network Platforms were introduced (and then reintroduced in 2020) as a means to collaborate across jurisdictions on specific themes. The network strategy states these platforms as the intended primary locale for network collaboration, and today they are the most active spaces of the CC community.
Adjustments to the CCGN continued. In 2019, a set of recommendations was published (though not adopted formally), in 2020, a report on the state of the network was produced, and in 2022, some major needs were identified. Much of this occurred while the CC team itself was facing a tough budgetary reality and was unable to adequately resource community management of the CCGN and support recommended changes.
Today, the CCGN is in need of renewed support from CC (the organization) to make sure the wonderful work of the global community can continue to be sustained. Many of the stated goals of the Network Strategy are out of alignment with how the network currently functions. As it stands, the Network Council—the body that governs the CCGN—has not met in over a year, and approved changes to the membership process have not been implemented because of the technical limitations of the current network website.
We have an engaged and vibrant community of almost 1,000 CCGN members, many of whom participate in local, self-governed CC Chapters, and some of whom do not (or may wish to but don’t know how to get more involved). Many folks have inquired about the ways in which they could join the CCGN but as a result of past governance shifts and untied loose ends, the CCGN is stuck in a bit of governance limbo. That brings us to today and why Goal 3: Centering Community is so important to the success of CC’s vision and mission.
Creating A Shared Vision of the Next Generation of the CCGN
Over the last year as we consulted on CC’s strategy, we have also been chatting with community members, some who are formally CCGN members and others who are CC advocates within their communities without formal affiliation with the CCGN. We conducted an internal assessment of the CCGN using historical data, community surveys, and interviews with chapter leads. In thinking about the future of our community, the shared sentiment is that the CC community is much more expansive than the formal structures of the CCGN; the CC community is anyone who uses, advocates for, or supports the infrastructure that enables open licensing or who supports and believes in the power of the commons.
Today, nothing feels more important than both supporting and belonging to a community of values-aligned CC and open advocates who champion access to knowledge, and freedom of information as the foundations of a democratic society. We are excited to adapt the CC global community to the contexts and realities of 2025 so that together we can protect and strengthen the thriving creative commons as a means to solve the world’s greatest challenges.
Sign up for our new Community newsletter to continue engaging with our work to refresh and center the CC community in our work.
Welcoming New CC Board Members
Meet the New CC Board Members
We’re pleased to introduce four new members to our Board: Alwaleed Alkhaja, Melissa Hagemann, Melissa Omino, and Colin Sullivan.
Familiar faces within the CC community, Alwaleed, Melissa, Melissa, and Colin bring prior experience within our organization, having previously partnered with us as community advocates with a history of dedicated support for the open movement.
Each of our new Board members brings a unique expertise that will help strengthen CC’s impact and guide our strategic vision forward. Their diverse backgrounds and commitment to the open movement strengthen our already dedicated Board, representing exactly what we need as we continue to grow and evolve our work to achieve our2025-2028 goals.
Alwaleed Alkhaja serves as the Head of Open Access and Copyright at the Qatar National Library, where he oversees the library’s open access program and all copyright-related matters. Throughout his academic and professional career, he has held various roles in open access publishing and open science. His experience ranges from editorial positions at Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals to overseeing academic publishing at Hamad bin Khalifa University Press/QScience.com (the first open access publisher in Qatar).
Alwaleed’s passion for open science is rooted in his background in scientific research. He earned a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry from the University of Leeds and received his master’s and PhD in Molecular Biology from the Max Planck International School of Molecular Biology in Göttingen, Germany. He also holds an MBA from the University of Manchester. Alwaleed voluntarily supports several international organizations, including serving on the board of Global Sustainability Coalition for Open Science Services (SCOSS) and advisory board of the Forum for Open Research in MENA (FORM).
In his free time, he enjoys photography and exploring experimental techniques, including macro photography, pinhole photography (constructing a room-sized camera obscura), cyanotype printing, and infrared photography.
Melissa Hagemann has been at the forefront of the Access to Knowledge movement for over twenty years. She managed the Open Society Foundations’ work to define open access to research through the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) and went on to support the development of the global open access movement. To mark the 20th anniversary of the BOAI, she spearheaded the development of new recommendations which emphasize that open access is not an end in itself, but a means to further ends, above all, to the equity, quality, sustainability, and usability of research. Currently she is the Director of the BOAI Org, which advocates for the equitable development of open access globally.
Melissa co-organized the meeting that led to the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, which offered strategies for the growth of the global open education movement. In addition, she supported the advancement of progressive copyright reform at the national and international levels.
She has served on numerous boards, including the Advisory Board of the Wikimedia Foundation, as well as the Open Climate Campaign.
Melissa Omino Dr Melissa Omino is currently the Director of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law (CIPIT) at Strathmore University, where she oversees the research direction of the leading Eastern African AI Policy Hub and Data Governance Policy Centre with a range of funding partners that includes the IDRC, Hewlett Foundation, Ford Foundation, and Open AIR.
Her research direction is focused on utilizing an African lens and a Human Rights lens. Part of the research conducted under Dr Omino’s leadership at CIPIT involved mapping AI applications in Africa as the initial step in answering the question of what determines African AI and the problems it aims to solve in Africa. Dr Omino is also an intellectual property (IP) expert with a research focus on the development and negotiation of IP provisions in international trade agreements by and with Global South countries.
She has served as an Advisory Board member in several African and Global Projects that intersect between AI and IP, including a National AI Strategy Process, and leading the IP Advisory to a global entity funding AI research in Africa.
Colin Sullivan is the General Counsel at Patreon, where he oversees the operations teams that ensure the platform remains a safe and stable home for creators. His responsibilities include leading the legal, trust & safety, payment operations, fraud and compliance teams. With a focus on protecting creators and maintaining a trustworthy environment, Colin plays a pivotal role in Patreon’s mission of funding the creative class and safeguarding their creative freedom. Before joining Patreon, Colin founded his own law firm where he served as outside general counsel to entrepreneurs and startups.
A Big Thank You to Alek Tarkowski
Please join us in thanking outgoing CC Board member, Alek Tarkowski who completed his five year term at the end of 2024. Alek is the Director of Strategy at Open Future and brought to the CC Board over 15 years of experience with public interest advocacy, movement building and research into the intersection of society, culture and digital technologies. As a longtime CC community member, in 2005, he co-founded Creative Commons Poland. During his time on the Board, Alex supported the development of CC’s organizational strategy and provided leadership in developing CC’s approach to sharing in the age of AI. Thankfully, Alek won’t be going too far away as he now joins the CC Advisory Council.
Welcome Alwaleed. Melissa, Melissa, and Colin, and thank you Alek!
The team here at Creative Commons was delighted to publicly release ournew organizational strategy on January 22, after almost a year of intensive team, community, and board consultations. For the next several years, our focus will be to:
Strengthen the open infrastructure of sharing
Defend and advocate for a thriving creative commons
Center community
These goals are high level, as they tend to be when packaged up as part of a multi-year strategy. These goals should also feel familiar, for an organization whose mission it is to empower individuals and communities around the world through technical, legal, and policy solutions that enable the sharing of education, culture, and science in the public interest. But there are important nuances included in these goals and subsequent short-, medium-, and long-term objectives that point to intentional and meaningful shifts in the ways we operate to meet this moment.
Of course the legal layer of the open infrastructure—the CC licenses and legal tools themselves—must be strengthened. But also, new sharing frameworks must be explored for changing times.
Of course we must ensure the ongoing survival of the commons. But strategies need to evolve from solely being a sensible argument around opening up access to information. We know that greater access facilitates advances in education, in the scientific arena, and in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of cultural heritage that exists. However, those who previously saw the obvious benefits to sharing may now be hesitant, uncertain about how their works will be used or contextualized, through advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning.
Finally, one might think that centering community goes without saying, but actually, it doesn’t. As an organization that has only achieved what it has because of a strong community of advocates bringing their expertise and passion to bear, we know we cannot continue to impact the social norms and legal frameworks of sharing without full participation.
So what does all of this mean for our work today, and throughout this year? Since we are currently operating in the age of AI, where all content also functions as data, we are focusing our work in two key areas:
Data governance, shaped by legal and norms-based infrastructure to facilitate sharing.
Sustaining open licensing in the age of AI, as high value contributions to the commons at scale that must be sustained through reciprocity.
This focus is guided by CC’s core principle: ideas and facts should not be commodified. As we reimagine sharing in the age of AI, we also draw on our history which reminds us to resist the reflex to expand copyright. Instead, we believe developing new norms, as part of a healthy data governance framework that prioritizes sharing in the age of AI, is the best approach to meeting our mission.
Data Governance
Our friends atOpen Future define data governance as “how rules for data use are created and enforced. This includes laws, standards, and social norms that guide what people can and can’t do with data. Good governance ensures fair and responsible data sharing.”
CC plays a unique role within data governance across the open internet. The CC licenses provide a form of legal and social norms guidance that has facilitated sharing on the internet for the last 25 years. We think of CC’s role within data governance as providing critical infrastructure that enables community-driven, fair, and responsible data sharing. The challenge is that what is considered fair and responsible data sharing is not static; it evolves based on context. And while this has always been true, AI has brought issues of fairness, transparency, trust, accountability, and more to the forefront for CC and for our many collaborators and colleagues who are committed to human-centered approaches to data governance.
In 2025, we need to continue to explain how the CC licenses interact with AI training, and champion preference signals as a way to advance the data governance we need to meet this moment. You’ve heard from us on this subjectin the past, and there is much more to come as we find partners to pilot this work with in the coming months. Policy and legal environments will also continue to play a significant role in both driving and influencing the data governance landscape of the future. CC’s role in advocating for balanced copyright and policies that drive access to knowledge, especially as new legislation, particularly around AI, is passed and implemented, is instrumental in representing civil society and advocating on behalf of the public interest.
Sustaining Open Licensing in the Age of AI
The use of the CC licenses has resulted in billions of items being released openly. Today, these items have also become parts of AI training sets—this is a significant shift that is influencing the norms around open licensing. Our priority is increasing sustainable sharing and access, but we now must consider “what about AI?”. We believe that openly licensed collections of content, which act as high-value contributions to the commons, must continue to be prioritized.
However, many creators (artists, researchers, educators, and everyone in between) are understandably concerned about their contributions to the commons being reduced to small pieces of data within huge datasets where they lose agency over how their works are being used. We believe that the antidote to this is reciprocity. We believe it is time for the open movement to ask for something in return when there is disproportionate benefit from use of open datasets. We aim to do this by developing relationships with AI model builders on behalf of those who contribute to the commons, ensuring that training datasets remain collectively owned, sustain the commons, and that data governance principles are respected.
We need more open educational, cultural, scientific, and research data to allow more rapid scientific discovery and collaboration. Sharing must continue in the age of AI and we are committed to supporting open licensing at scale, taking the context of AI into consideration.
There are new and layered complexities in the open sharing world, and we’re excited and determined to help clarify and address these challenges. We’d like to see open sharing grow as a collective strategy to advance the public interest. In 2025 (and beyond, I’m sure), we will be finding ways to facilitate agency for the movement and facilitating even more sharing and access, while ensuring that the commons remain resilient and sustainable.
If you’d like to support this work, consider joining the Creative CommonsOpen Infrastructure Circle. Our most dedicated supporters ensure that every day we can show up and do the valuable work of preserving and growing the global commons of knowledge and culture from which we all benefit.
Havsstrand by Maurice Denis. Public Domain. Swedish National Museum
